三维软件实在太多了,到底该选哪一个?
我并不是资深从业者,用过的三维软件并不多。我只从个人需求出发:
- 不贵,安装和维护简单
- 功能足够强大(不特别偏向工程制图/动画/三维雕塑)
- 软件还在持续改进中
Blender 是比较理想的选择。开源、功能完善,安装和使用都比较轻巧,关键是,免费用正版啊:
如果是专业人士请直接忽略本文。或者移步 all3dp.com 在年初发布的一篇文章,介绍和比较了 30 款软件,其中 15 款为免费软件:
Best 3D Design/3D Modeling Software 2019 (15 of 30 are Free) | All3DP
Name | Level | OS | Price | Formats |
---|---|---|---|---|
3D Slash | Beginner | Windows, Mac, Linux, Raspberry Pi or Browser | Free, 24$/year Premium | 3dslash, obj, stl |
LibreCAD | Beginner | Windows, macOS and Linux | Free | dxf, dwg |
Photoshop CC | Beginner | Windows and Mac | 142€/year | 3ds, dae, kmz, obj, psd, stl, u3d |
SculptGL | Beginner | Browser | Free | obj, ply, sgl, stl |
SelfCAD | Beginner | Browser | Free 30-day trial, 9.99$/month | stl, mtl, ply, dae, svg |
TinkerCAD | Beginner | Browser | Free | 123dx, 3ds, c4d, mb, obj, svg, stl |
Clara.io | Intermediate | Browser | Free, Premium features from 100$/year | 3dm, 3ds, cd, dae, dgn, dwg, emf, fbx, gf, gdf, gts, igs, kmz, lwo, rws, obj, off, ply, pm, sat, scn, skp, slc, sldprt, stp, stl, x3dv, xaml, vda, vrml, x_t, x, xgl, zpr |
DesignSpark | Intermediate | Windows | Freemium, 835$ (All Addons) | rsdoc, dxf, ecad, idf, idb, emn, obj, skp, STL, iges, step |
FreeCAD | Intermediate | Windows, Mac and Linux | Free | step, iges, obj, stl, dxf, svg, dae, ifc, off, nastran, Fcstd |
MakeHuman | Intermediate | Windows, Mac, Linux | Free | dae, fbx, obj, STL |
Meshmixer | Intermediate | Windows, Mac and Linux | Free | amf, mix, obj, off, stl |
Moment of Inspiration (MoI) | Intermediate | Windows and Mac | 266€ | 3ds, 3dm, dxf, fbx, igs, lwo, obj, skp, stl, stp and sat |
nanoCAD | Intermediate | Windows | Freemium, 180$/year | sat, step, igs, iges, sldprt, STL, 3dm, dae, dfx, dwg, dwt, pdf, x_t, x_b, xxm_txt, ssm_bin |
OpenSCAD | Intermediate | Windows, Mac and Linux | Free | dxf, off, stl |
Sculptris | Intermediate | Windows and Mac | Free | obj, goz |
SketchUp | Intermediate | Windows and Mac | Free, 240$ Pro | dwg, dxf, 3ds, dae, dem, def, ifc, kmz, stl |
3ds Max | Professional | Windows | 1505$/year, Educational licenses available | stl, 3ds, ai, abc, ase, asm, catproduct, catpart, dem, dwg, dxf, dwf, flt, iges, ipt, jt, nx, obj, prj, prt, rvt, sat, skp, sldprt, sldasm, stp, vrml, w3d xml |
AutoCAD | Professional | Windows and Mac | 1575$/year | dwg, dxf, pdf |
Blender | Professional | Windows, Mac and Linux | Free | 3ds, dae, fbx, dxf, obj, x, lwo, svg, ply, stl, vrml, vrml97, x3d |
Cinema 4D | Professional | Windows, macOS | 3695$ | 3ds, dae, dem, dxf, dwg, x, fbx, iges, lwf, rib, skp, stl, wrl, obj |
modo | Professionals | Windows, macOS, Linux | 1799$ | lwo, abc, obj, pdb, 3dm, dae, fbx, dxf, x3d, geo, stl |
Mudbox | Professional | Windows and Mac | 85€/year | fbx, mud, obj |
Onshape | Professional | Windows, Mac, Linux, iOS, Android | 2400€/year, free and price reduced business version available | sat, step, igs, iges, sldprt, stl, 3dm, dae, dfx, dwg, dwt, pdf, x_t, x_b, xxm_txt, ssm_bin |
Poser | Professionals | Windows, Mac | Standard 129.99$, Pro 349.99$ | cr2, obj, pz2 |
Rhino3D | Professional | Windows and Mac | 495€ Educational, 995€ Commercial | 3dm, 3ds, cd, dae, dgn, dwg, emf, fbx, gf, gdf, gts, igs, kmz, lwo, rws, obj, off, ply, pm, sat, scn, skp, slc, sldprt, stp, stl, x3dv, xaml, vda, vrml, x_t, x, xgl, zpr |
ZBrush | Professional | Windows and Mac | 400€ Educational License, 720€ Single User License | dxf, goz, ma, obj, stl, vrml, x3d |
CATIA | Industrial | Windows | 7180€; Educational licenses available | 3dxml, catpart, igs, pdf, stp, stl, vrml |
Fusion 360 | Industrial | Windows and Mac | 499.80€/year, Educational licenses available | catpart, dwg, dxf, f3d, igs, obj, pdf, sat, sldprt, stp |
Inventor | Industrial | Windows and Mac | 1935$/year | 3dm, igs, ipt, nx, obj, prt, rvt, sldprt, stl, stp, x_b, xgl |
Solidworks | Industrial | Windows | 9950€, Educational licenses available | 3dxml, 3dm, 3ds, 3mf, amf, dwg, dxf, idf, ifc, obj, pdf, sldprt, stp, stl, vrml |
下载 Blender 请到官网 blender.org 选择 2.80 版本。不推荐之前的版本,是因为 2.8 版本的调整实在太大了,几乎对整个软件各方面都做了一些重构。尤其是加入了实时渲染的 eevee 引擎,用上就已经回不去之前的版本了……
Blender 官网每天会发布新的测试版(迭代速度真的飞快)。下载后找到应用程序直接打开就可以使用。
打开软件后,可以先按需做一些设置,比如显示中文菜单、修改小键盘相关的快捷键:
- 语言选择:顶部菜单-Edit-Preferences-Interface-Translation
- 鼠标/键盘快捷键设置:顶部菜单-Edit-Preferences-Keymap
学习 Blender,最重要的是反复练习。在这个系列课程讲义中,我不会详细讲解怎么使用软件,网上已经有相当多很棒的视频教程了。
我会尝试提供一些基本的练习清单,也就是帮助大家去拆解需要训练的技能。
这一周涉及的技能模块是最基础也是最重要的,因为它们的组合构成了 Blender (包括在其他三维软件里) 大部分的操作。
视图浏览
围绕着兴趣点旋转视图:按下鼠标中键并移动
缩放视图:滚轮鼠标中键
平移视图:Shift+按下鼠标中键
正/右/顶视图切换:如果没有小键盘,需要先在设置中修改快捷键,比如我一般设置 Alt 1 / Alt3 / Alt7 为正/右/顶视图
物体移动+旋转+缩放
非快捷键操作:先选中物体,然后在左侧工具栏选择 移动/选择/缩放 工具,然后操作
快捷键操作:先选中物体,然后按一下 G 键,移动鼠标就会看到物体会跟随移动。移到目标位置后,点鼠标左键,物体就确认移动。
但是在移动时,我们经常需要只沿着某个轴(x轴辅助线为红色,y轴辅助线为绿色,z轴辅助线为蓝色)移动。
这个操作又有两种做法
- 按一下 G/R/S 键后,再按一下需要沿着哪个轴移动,比如沿着 x 轴就按下 x 键,然后移动物体;
- 或者配合鼠标中键使用:按下 G 键后,按住鼠标中键,沿着坐标轴参考线移动,物体就会只沿着这条坐标轴移动
确认移动都是点击鼠标左键。
沿着某个轴旋转和缩放也是类似的操作。
- 比如,沿 x 轴旋转:r - x - 移动鼠标 - 按鼠标左键确认
- 比如,沿 z 轴缩放:s - z - 移动鼠标 - 按鼠标左键确认
以上就是这节课的主要练习:用不同的视图查看物体,移动/旋转/缩放物体。
记得多练习几次哦,下周见~